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From the eighth century onwards, the Muslim townsfolk of North Africa were well aware that fifty stages away across the desert to the south lay a land inhabited by black people which was the source of gold, ivory and slaves. It was no mere rumour stemming from occasional journeys of special daring, as it had been in the time of Herodotus. For the Muslims, the black slaves were in their midst as labourers and soldiers, servants and concubines. And soon the passing caravans began to be swelled by black students and pilgrims, showing that the religion and civilization of Islam were spreading across the Sahara into the western and central Sudan...
- Sales Rank: #1221879 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Markus Wiener Pub
- Published on: 2011-05-01
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x 1.15" w x 5.98" l, 1.65 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 516 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"..the work of Levtzion and Hopkins...has been supremely well done." -- Times Literary Supplement
Language Notes
Text: English (translation)
Original Language: Arabic
About the Author
NEHEMIAH LEVTZION, Hebrew University, one of the world's leading experts on the history of Islamic peoples, is the author of numerous books including Medieval Ghana.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Invaluable
By Luther Link
Anyone who wants to know about the gold trade and West African history will find this the best collection of orginal sources available in English. Fascinating to read, I not only learned much but discovered many errors in other history books dealing with the same subject.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Collection of perceptions and ideologies as much as history and realities
By C P Slayton
Levtzion and Hopkins are to Islamic History in West Africa as Albert Einstein is to physics and the theory of relativity. They were students, teachers and experts in multiple angles of study on the subject. The "Corpus" is the most extensive collection of Arabic source documents about West Africa that we have to date. The Corpus demonstrates what Arabic writers perceived of the region from Southern Morocco, south to Mauritania and Senegal and then East to Chad. The regions in discussion include modern day Mali, Algeria, Niger, Nigeria, Chad.
The perceptions of the early writers of the Sudan, or "black Africa" reflect the lore and mystery surrounding the region as a whole, not dissimilar in its tales of gold mines and endless riches that later European explorers pursued in their thirst for stock piles of wealth. The vast majority of the accounts are barely second hand accounts, most of them building on the same foundational myths from the previous authors; Ibn Battuta being the noteworthy exception. But as Ali Mazrui, the famous Kenyan scholar once lamented, very rarely did an early account of "black Africa" from either the Arabs or Europe discard the ethnocentric, cultural superiority bias that came with it.
The early Arab and Muslim writers were mostly concerned with Muslim lands. Non-Muslim, "Kafr" lands were disdained for their lack of culture, many early stereotypes describing them as peoples of "feeble intellect". Therefore, what was of greatest interest to any early explorer or scholar, and indeed what dominates the earliest manuscripts, are accounts of gold fields, magic powers, fine women and slave potentials of highest quality. What the populations lacked in whit they made up for in "cheerfulness" as Al-Dimashqi (d. 1327) wrote. The land of the Sudan was massive, with later accounts finally condensing the region to the known rivers and ocean coast lines. Still, anything south of Muslim groups remained an enigma, misunderstood at best.
The later accounts occupy themselves with more than just the early Moroccan kingdoms' relations with the Ghana Empire. While the names and exact locations are still difficult to determine, the Arab scribes mention larger settlements on the Niger river, Northern Nigerian populations and the earliest Chadian kingdoms. The accounts help to identify where Islam spread, when, and often, how. The Ghana kingdom in Mali is said to have engaged frequently with jihad against the pagan surroundings; however, balancing its relations to ensure gold tribute from the same pagan lands.
The accounts are not so diluted to pretend that orthodox or mainstream Islam was the staple of any of these early West African kingdoms. However, Muslim leaders were afforded higher status; their trade connections with the northern Sahara an important incentive to their religious balance. The earliest Moroccan kingdoms, notably the Al-Moravids, saw black Africa as their project in Muslim education, if at first peaceful, then turned violent. Later accounts of the Sudan describe flourishing trade systems based on salt and gold mines, cloth currency and leather workings. The journey across the desert was never easy, each stage described very colorfully. The farther the account moves from Muslim and Arabic speaking lands, the greater the element of lore and mystery.
This collection of early Arabic source accounts of West Africa is fascinating; helpful with accompanying editorial notes and Arab author biographies. It is a collection of perceptions and ideologies as much as it is of history and realities. It has taken a long time for Black Africa to move from being "victims of contempt" as Ali Mazrui put it, to being afforded the dignity and voice they deserve; whether Muslim, Christian or other. Sub-Saharan Africa has often been caught up in the middle of religious, racial and political proxy wars. Al-Damashqi is still correct, however, Africans have never lost their cheerfulness. That is something that no gold mine, diamond trove, cobalt hole or oil bunker will ever afford for more than a passing second.
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